Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) and Major Facilitator Superfamily proteins are important mediators of antifungal drug resistance, particularly with respect to azole class drugs. Consequently, identifying molecules that are not susceptible to this mechanism of resistance is an important goal for new antifungal drug discovery. As part of a project to optimize the antifungal activity of clinically used phenothiazines, we synthesized a fluphenazine derivative (CWHM-974) with 8-fold higher activity against spp. compared to the fluphenazine and with activity against spp. with reduced fluconazole susceptibility due to increased MDR transporters. Here, we show that the impro... More
Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) and Major Facilitator Superfamily proteins are important mediators of antifungal drug resistance, particularly with respect to azole class drugs. Consequently, identifying molecules that are not susceptible to this mechanism of resistance is an important goal for new antifungal drug discovery. As part of a project to optimize the antifungal activity of clinically used phenothiazines, we synthesized a fluphenazine derivative (CWHM-974) with 8-fold higher activity against spp. compared to the fluphenazine and with activity against spp. with reduced fluconazole susceptibility due to increased MDR transporters. Here, we show that the improved activity is because fluphenazine induces its own resistance by triggering expression of drug resistance (CDR) transporters while CWHM-974 induces expression but does not appear to be a substrate for the transporters or is insensitive to their effects through other mechanisms. We also found that fluphenazine and CWHM-974 are antagonistic with fluconazole in but not in , despite inducing expression to high levels. Overall, CWHM-974 is one of the few examples of a molecule in which relatively small structural modifications significantly reduced susceptibility to multidrug transporter-mediated resistance.
